IND

ROSE, DAVID

36% Democratic / 62% Republican · 2% unclassifiedDerived from contributionsZIP cluster 101662025–2026Exact name + ZIP5

Reported identity cluster · not a verified person-level entity.

Contribution summary

Latest amendment per committee transaction ID · memo rows excluded from net

Reported transaction total$3.7K

Number of transactions36

Recipient committees1

Transaction date rangeJan 31, 2025through Jul 31, 2026

Compliance review · No open linked indicators

Automated review indicators, not findings of a violation. Exact reported records are linked; identity is not independently verified. Reported lobbyist-bundling disclosures are not counted as issues.

Latest cycle-wide scan: Sep 12, 2026 · Index refreshed: Sep 12, 2026. Coverage is limited to loaded records and implemented checks.

Scan coverage and freshness

Receipt eligibility: last successful scan Sep 12, 2026 · latest scheduled check skipped (Sep 12, 2026).
Integrity: last successful scan Sep 7, 2026 · indexed scan status completed.
Fundraising patterns: last successful scan Sep 7, 2026 · indexed scan status completed.

No open indicators are linked in the published index. This is not a compliance clearance.

Across the cycle, some findings could not be linked safely to entities; ambiguous identities are withheld.

Reported identity evidence

Raw context retained from FEC Schedule A rows

Reported names linked: ROSE, DAVID
Reported ZIPs seen: 10166
Locations seen: NEW YORK NY
Occupation and employer: VP STATE GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS I METLIFE GROUP
What is linked: Exact filed name + first five ZIP digits within this cycle

Industry: Not yet classified

Industry not yet classified for METLIFE GROUP.

Reported occupation interpretations

Employment status, occupation family, and title describe historical reported occupation text, not current employment. Different values can come from different receipts or linked names. Employer industries remain separate.

Reported occupation: VP STATE GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS I
Employment status: Employed
Occupation family: Government / public administration
Seniority / title: Vice president / director
Interpreted label: Government / public administration · Vice president / director

GovMoneyGraph occupation model v1 · Accepted interpretations only. These labels do not establish income, wealth, or a compliance finding.

Loading reported occupation interpretations…

How these records are matched

A conservative grouping of federal contribution rows with this exact filed name and five-digit ZIP. ZIP+4 extensions are retained as evidence but ignored for matching. This is a reported identity cluster, not yet a verified person-level entity.

Contributions by recipient party and committee type

Recipient party from FEC registration, linked candidates, or affirmative support activity

Recipient party affiliation

Contributions grouped by each recipient’s reported party or inferred alignment

Mixed-party destinationsDerived from contributions$3,744100% of displayed positive totals36 transactions · 1 recipient committees

Recipient committee type

Type of political committee receiving the contribution

PAC$3,74436 transactions · 1 recipient committees

Party totals describe recipients, not the contributor’s party registration or beliefs. FEC-reported and linked-candidate parties take precedence over inferred activity. Opposition to a candidate does not count as support for another party. Open a recipient to inspect its classification evidence and separate support and opposition disclosures.

Money network

Contributor-to-committee connections sized by absolute reported transaction total

Connected entity party

Connections per side

Showing 0 of 0 loaded matching connections on the left and 1 of 1 on the right, up to 10 per side by absolute amount. This is not the full transaction history. Party filters include mixed-party contributions or activity. Full connection amounts are shown, not just the selected party’s share. Party labels use reported party information or inferred contributions/activity—not an individual’s party registration.

Democratic Republican Mixed-party contributions Other / independent Not classifiedLine width = absolute amountShown totals: $0 in · $3.7K out

Contributions by recipient committee

1 recipient committees · largest reported totals first · expand an arrow for transactions

Reported totals sum current non-memo transactions, including reported refund entries, and can include both a conduit’s and a recipient’s report of the same contribution. These are not verified net contributions after refunds. Expand a recipient to inspect transaction types, reporting sides and source records.

Full contribution ledger · 10 rows per pageAll contributions

Reported total$3,74436 reported transactions

C00040923 · PACMETLIFE INC. EMPLOYEES' POLITICAL PARTICIPATION FUND AMixed activity · 36% Democratic / 62% Republican · 2% unclassifiedInferred from activityFEC registration · 2026 cycleRegistered location: NEW YORKNYConnected organization: METLIFE INC.

Candidate campaign receiving transfers
ARRINGTON, JODEYRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Texas · District 19
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: TEXANS FOR JODEY ARRINGTON
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H6TX19099 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
BARR, GARLAND ANDYRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. Senate · Kentucky · Statewide
Election 2026 · Open seat · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: ANDY BARR FOR SENATE, INC.
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: S6KY00286 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
BEATTY, JOYCEDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · Ohio · District 3
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: BEATTY FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H2OH03125 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
BLUNT ROCHESTER, LISADemocraticFEC reported
U.S. Senate · Delaware · Statewide
Election 2030 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: LISA BLUNT ROCHESTER FOR SENATE
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: S4DE00060 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
BUCHANAN, VERNONRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Florida · District 16
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: VERN BUCHANAN FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H6FL13148 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle

Show 55 more candidate connections (60 total)

Candidate campaign receiving transfers
CLARK, KATHERINEDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · Massachusetts · District 5
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: KATHERINE CLARK FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H4MA05084 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
COLLINS, SUSAN M.RepublicanFEC reported
U.S. Senate · Maine · Statewide
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: COLLINS FOR SENATOR
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: S6ME00159 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
COONS, CHRISTOPHER A.DemocraticFEC reported
U.S. Senate · Delaware · Statewide
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: CHRIS COONS FOR DELAWARE
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: S0DE00092 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
CRAPO, MICHAEL DRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. Senate · Idaho · Statewide
Election 2028 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: MIKE CRAPO FOR US SENATE
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: S8ID00027 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
DAVIDS, SHARICEDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · Kansas · District 3
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: SHARICE FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8KS03155 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
DE LA CRUZ, MONICARepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Texas · District 15
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: MONICA FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H0TX15124 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
DEAN, MADELEINEDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · Pennsylvania · District 4
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: MAD 4 PA PAC
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8PA04116 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
DELBENE, SUZAN KDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · Washington · District 1
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: DELBENE FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H0WA08046 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
ESTES, RONRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Kansas · District 4
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: RON ESTES FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8KS04112 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
FITZPATRICK, BRIANRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Pennsylvania · District 1
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: BRIAN FITZPATRICK FOR ALL OF US
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H6PA08277 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
FLOOD, MIKERepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Nebraska · District 1
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: MIKE FLOOD FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H2NE01118 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
FOSTER, G. WILLIAM (BILL)DemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · Illinois · District 11
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: BILL FOSTER FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8IL14067 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
GALLEGO, RUBENDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. Senate · Arizona · Statewide
Election 2030 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: GALLEGO FOR ARIZONA
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: S4AZ00139 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
GARBARINO, ANDREWRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · New York · District 2
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: GARBARINO FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H0NY02234 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
GILLEN, LAURADemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · New York · District 4
Election 2026 · Challenger · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: GILLEN FOR NY
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H2NY04244 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
GONZALEZ, VICENTEDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · Texas · District 34
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: VICENTE GONZALEZ FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H6TX15162 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
GOTTHEIMER, JOSHDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · New Jersey · District 5
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: JOSH FOR JERSEY
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H6NJ05171 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
GUTHRIE, S. BRETT BRETT HON.RepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Kentucky · District 2
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: GUTHRIE FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8KY02031 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
HAGERTY, BILLRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. Senate · Tennessee · Statewide
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: TEAM HAGERTY
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: S0TN00169 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
HILL, JAMES FRENCHRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Arkansas · District 2
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: FRENCH HILL FOR ARKANSAS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H4AR02141 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
HIMES, JIMDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · Connecticut · District 4
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: HIMES FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8CT04172 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
HOUCHIN, ERINRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Indiana · District 9
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: HOUCHIN FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H6IN09143 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
HOULAHAN, CHRISSYDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · Pennsylvania · District 6
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: CHRISSY HOULAHAN FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8PA06087 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
HUIZENGA, WILLIAM PRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Michigan · District 4
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: HUIZENGA FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H0MI02094 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
JOHNSON, JAMES MICHAELRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Louisiana · District 4
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: MIKE JOHNSON FOR LOUISIANA
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H6LA04138 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
KIM, YOUNGRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · California · District 40
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: YOUNG KIM FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8CA39240 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
KNOTT, BRADRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · North Carolina · District 13
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: BRAD KNOTT FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H4NC13116 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
KUSTOFF, DAVIDRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Tennessee · District 8
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: KUSTOFF FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H2TN07103 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
LANGWORTHY, NICKRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · New York · District 23
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: LANGWORTHY FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H2NY23228 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
LATIMER, GEORGEDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · New York · District 16
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: GEORGE LATIMER FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H4NY16087 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
LAWLER, MICHAEL VINCENTRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · New York · District 17
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: LAWLER FOR CONGRESS, INC.
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H2NY17162 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
LETLOW, JULIARepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Louisiana · District 5
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: JULIA LETLOW FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H2LA05126 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
MANNION, JOHN WDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · New York · District 22
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: MANNION FOR NEW YORK
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H4NY22085 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
MEEKS, GREGORY W.DemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · New York · District 5
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: FRIENDS FOR GREGORY MEEKS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8NY06048 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
MILLER, CAROL DEVINERepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · West Virginia · District 1
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: CAROL FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8WV03097 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
MILLER, MAXRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Ohio · District 7
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: MAX MILLER FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H2OH16051 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
MOODY, ASHLEYRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. Senate · Florida · Statewide
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: MOODY FOR FLORIDA
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: S6FL00640 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
MOORE, BLAKERepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Utah · District 2
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: BLAKE MOORE FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H0UT01205 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
MORAN, NATHANIEL QUENTINRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Texas · District 1
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: NATHANIEL MORAN FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H2TX01112 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
NEAL, RICHARD EDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · Massachusetts · District 1
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: RICHARD E NEAL FOR CONGRESS COMMITTEE
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8MA02041 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
NICK, LALOTARepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · New York · District 1
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: LALOTA FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H2NY01190 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
NORCROSS, DONALD WDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · New Jersey · District 1
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: DONALD NORCROSS FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H4NJ01084 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
PANETTA, JIMMYDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · California · District 19
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: JIMMY PANETTA FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H6CA20152 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
PETTERSEN, BRITTANY LOUISEDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · Colorado · District 7
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: BRITTANY PETTERSEN FOR COLORADO
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8CO07045 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
POU, NELIDADemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · New Jersey · District 9
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: NELLIE POU FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H4NJ09194 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
ROSS, DEBORAHDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · North Carolina · District 2
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: DEBORAH ROSS FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H0NC02125 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
SALAZAR, MARIA ELVIRARepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Florida · District 27
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: SALAZAR FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8FL27185 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
SANCHEZ, LINDADemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · California · District 41
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: STAND WITH SANCHEZ
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H2CA39078 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
SEWELL, TERRI A.DemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · Alabama · District 7
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: TERRI SEWELL FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H0AL07086 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
SMITH, JASON TRepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Missouri · District 8
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: JASON SMITH FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H4MO08162 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
STEIL, BRYAN GEORGERepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Wisconsin · District 1
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: STEIL FOR WISCONSIN, INC.
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8WI01156 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
SUOZZI, THOMASDemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · New York · District 3
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: SUOZZI FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H6NY03247 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
TENNEY, CLAUDIARepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · New York · District 24
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: CLAUDIA TENNEY FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H4NY22051 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
THOMPSON, MIKE MR.DemocraticFEC reported
U.S. House · California · District 4
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: MIKE THOMPSON FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H8CA01109 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle
Candidate campaign receiving transfers
WAGNER, ANN L.RepublicanFEC reported
U.S. House · Missouri · District 2
Election 2026 · Incumbent · Current candidate
Receiving campaign: ANN WAGNER FOR CONGRESS
Candidate details & sources
FEC candidate ID: H2MO02102 · 2025–2026 reporting cycle

These campaigns received reported contributions or transfers from this committee during the selected cycle. This is not a complete participant list or an allocation of any individual donor's gift; other recipients may include parties and PACs.

Reported total$3,74436 reported transactions

Source & identity status

Trace every claim back to the public record

Source agencyFederal Election Commission

Grouping keyExact name + ZIP

Cycle2025–2026

Search official FEC records

The FEC publishes names and addresses as reported, but does not assign a persistent ID to each individual contributor. GovMoneyGraph links variants here only when employer and location or occupation evidence corroborates compatible names; conflicting middle initials remain separate. These heuristic clusters stay reviewable until promoted into the persistent entity graph through the labeled gold-set process.